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These results suggest that foraging ecology plays a fundamentally import role in determining diversification patterns of neotropical birds.
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Species of frugivores and nectivores had significantly lower DA values than species of insectivores, and in a subsample of 19 species with population-level sampling I found that populations of frugivores and nectivores were significantly more likely to show genetic signals of population expansion than populations of insectivores. All species were sampled in southern Belize and central Panama, and I found that the net nucleotide divergence (DA) spanned two orders of magnitude (0.00%-0.085%).
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Thirdly, I examined variation in genetic differentiation between two populations in 60 codistributed Neotropical landbirds. This finding is not consistent with a model of increasing genetic diversity with decreasing latitude. Secondly, I found that within-population genetic variation in nine codistributed Neotropical landbirds fit a humped distribution, whereby mid-range populations had higher genetic diversity than range-edge populations. Coalescent estimates suggest that gene flow occurred with some regularity after the third colonization event several hundred thousand years ago. At least two of these splits post-date Andean uplift, and therefore represent dispersal across the Andes. The concentration of THg in all analyzed depth intervals of 22 sediment cores from the five contrasting reservoirs investigated ranged from 16 to 310 ng g-1 (n212, in the different sediment cores, the maximum depth.
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First, the widespread Neotropical lowland forest flycatcher Mionectes oleagineus had three phylogeographic splits across the Andes, resulting in four geographically structured lineages west of the Andes. The objective of this study was to identify key drivers of the accumulation of total Hg (THg) in tropical reservoir sediments. The three chapters presented in this dissertation provide three perspectives on this interaction and how it has shaped the diversification of some Neotropical birds. However, for any species the geographic structuring of populations is caused by an interaction between physical barriers to gene flow and a species' propensity to overcome those barriers. "Most of the current models to explain the diversification of Neotropical birds focus on physical barriers to gene flow. Evolutionary Ecological Genetics of Some Neotropical Birds Author